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Several viruses, including IAV and HIV-1, utilize mitochondrial apoptosis to facilitate viral spread, although some delay apoptosis early in infection to optimize replication ( 2.5 Viral-induced mtDNA release and cross-talk with innate immune signaling pathways Once released into the cytosol, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) functions as a potent DAMP that activates multiple innate immune pathways

While glutathione is not a hormone and does not directly affect hormone production or regulation, it can indirectly affect hormone balance by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are factors that can contribute to hormonal imbalances

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Obstetric Gynecol Surv 50:497-498, 1995