The PGPRs affect plant metabolisms by acting on several mechanisms, including the production of exopolysaccharides, plant hormones, and carotenoids, nitrogen fixation, siderophore, amplified light and CO 2 fixation rates, improved root and shoot system in response to drought stress, They also help in the development of induced systemic tolerance (IST) (Langeroodi et al
The mechanisms underlying these effects include modulation of the skin immune response by suppressing the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), and increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10, therefore promoting a favorable environment for tissue healing and reducing inflammation (Routley and Ashcroft, 2009
Glutathione protects cells by repairing oxidative damage and supporting cellular health, potentially slowing the aging process at a cellular level
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