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Plain sterile water (water for injection, WFI) contains no preservative

Figure 1 3.1 Providing the material basis for tumor proliferation Serine is catalyzed by serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) to generate 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate with tetrahydrofolate as the carbon carrier, providing essential one-carbon units for the biosynthesis of nucleotides, amino acids and other macromolecules, thereby participating in the regulation of cell proliferation and metabolism ( This reaction contributes to cysteine biosynthesis via the transsulfuration pathway, which is also metabolically linked to the homocysteine-methionine cycle ( de novo synthesis pathway directly replenishes metabolic substrates for rapidly proliferating tumor cells ( In colorectal cancer, phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1) regulates the degradation of cyclin D1 via the mTOR/p70S6K signaling axis, further promoting cell proliferation ( 3.2 Maintaining redox homeostasis in tumor cells The de novo serine synthesis pathway eliminates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells and prevents oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by promoting the production of glutathione (GSH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) ( Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and its reduced form (NADH) constitute a pivotal intracellular redox couple