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GLP-1 medications, such as semaglutide and tirzepatide, mimic the action of the hormone GLP-1 in the body, helping to regulate appetite, blood sugar levels, and promote feelings of fullness after meals

The mechanism involves suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that the enteric nervous system uses to trigger peristaltic contractions, combined with microbiome shifts away from butyrate-producing bacteria

Elevated LPS levels compromise intestinal barrier integrity by downregulating tight junction proteins ( e.g ., ZO-1, occludin), resulting in intestinal permeability (leaky gut)

Studies indicate that these medications affect areas of the brain involved in both appetite regulation and sexual behavior [6]